De nombreuses femmes quittent Dakar pour aller travailler en Arabie saoudite, au Liban ou au Maroc. Une expérience qui tourne souvent à l’esclavage moderne.
Boury est née et a grandi à Dakar, dans le quartier de Sicap Liberté. A 20 ans, après avoir arrêté ses études d’architecture à la suite d’une grossesse, elle a commencé à travailler comme serveuse dans des restaurants. Puis, en 2015, après son divorce, elle part travailler comme femme de ménage en Arabie saoudite sur les conseils de sa mère, dont une amie tient une «agence de recrutement». Elle a 25 ans et un enfant de 5 ans, qu’elle laisse chez sa mère. Sur place, elle ne sera jamais payée pour le travail effectué.
Mais le pire commence le jour où elle exprime sa volonté de rentrer au Sénégal. D’abord, sa patronne essaie de la placer chez quelqu’un d’autre ; ensuite, les propositions plus dégradantes arrivent :
Finalement, Boury découvre la raison pour laquelle on ne l’avait jamais payée : «Au Sénégal, on m’avait vendue ! Ma patronne m’a affirmé avoir payé l’équivalent de 2 millions de francs CFA [plus de 3 000 euros], elle m’a dit : “J’ai payé ton billet, ton visa et j’ai donné de l’argent à ton agence pour te faire venir, donc tu n’iras nulle part tant qu’ils ne me rembourseront pas ou ne me donneront pas une autre fille !»
Intermédiaires véreux
Boury n’est pas la seule dans ce cas. Selon le Global Slavery Index 2017 publié par la Walk Free Foundation, une organisation qui se bat contre la traite des humains, il y aurait eu 40,3 millions de victimes d’esclavage moderne en 2016 : parmi elles, de nombreuses domestiques asiatiques et africaines. Sur 67,1 millions de travailleurs domestiques dans le monde, 11,5 millions sont des migrants, selon le Bureau international du travail, et parmi ceux-ci, 73,4% sont des femmes.
Comme Boury, on estime que chaque année des centaines de Sénégalaises – aucune statistique fiable n’est disponible – vont travailler comme femmes de ménage à l’étranger, principalement en Mauritanie, au Maroc, au Liban, au Koweït et en Arabie saoudite. Au Sénégal, le taux de chômage est de 25%, et, pour les femmes peu instruites, le travail le plus accessible est celui de bonne à tout faire, pour environ 70 euros par mois : une misère comparé aux promesses de salaire faites par des agences de recrutement illégales ou par des intermédiaires véreux qui font miroiter aux femmes une situation autrement enviable hors des frontières sénégalaises.
Lasses, pour les domestiques qui cherchent à échapper à l’exploitation au Sénégal, le scénario se répète à l’identique, voire en pire, à l’extérieur. Seules dans un pays étranger dont elles parlent rarement la langue, enfermées à domicile, sans papiers ni téléphone (confisqués par le patron), elles travaillent toute la journée, sans jour de pause, congé ou arrêt maladie, pour un salaire dérisoire quand il n’est pas tout simplement inexistant. Et les moins chanceuses sont victimes de violences psychologiques, physiques ou sexuelles.
«Certaines sont en prison»
Emily Diouf, 34 ans, a travaillé au Maroc grâce à l’entregent d’une cousine qui y officiait comme «petite bonne». Aujourd’hui rentrée au Sénégal, à Keur Massar, à 20 km à l’est de Dakar, elle se souvient du «cas d’une fille de 25 ans violée par son employeur».
Autre témoignage, celui de Ndèye Ndoye, 32 ans. En août 2015, alors qu’elle était au chômage après une expérience sans aucun contrat dans un salon de manucure, elle est partie au Liban, où on lui avait fait miroiter un salaire de 450 euros par mois. Mais, sur place, elle a vite déchanté :
«Ils me battaient. Le mari m’insultait : “Tu es une esclave, nous ne respectons pas les Noires ici.” Parfois ils ne me laissaient sans rien à manger. Je devais me réveiller à 6 heures et travailler jusqu’à 1 heure le lendemain. Je devais tout faire et la maison était trop grande. Je ne pouvais pas me reposer, je ne pouvais même jamais m’asseoir !»
Comme Boury, ce n’est souvent qu’au moment où ces femmes insistent pour rentrer au Sénégal qu’elles découvrent avoir été arnaquées et vendues. Elles doivent alors choisir entre deux solutions : soit attendre que leur agence envoie une «remplaçante», soit prendre la fuite. Celles qui disposent d’un portable ou d’une connexion Internet cherchent de l’aide auprès de leur entourage, de l’ambassade ou même des médias sénégalais ; les autres sont obligées de s’enfuir, au risque de tragiques épilogues.
«Ils ont tué beaucoup de filles là-bas. Certaines ont disparu ou fini en prison», affirme Boury. Ainsi de Mbayang Diop, 22 ans, partie en Arabie saoudite pour gagner de quoi élever son fils et prendre soin de ses parents, âgés et malades. Accusée d’avoir tué sa patronne, elle est détenue dans une prison saoudienne depuis juin 2016 et a été condamnée à mort. Au Sénégal, Mbayang Diop est devenue l’icône de la bataille pour les droits des domestiques.
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