Justin Dargin, Energy expert à l’University d’Oxford

Justin Dargin

En tant que pays en développement, la République du Congo bénéficiera de plusieurs façons du développement de l’énergie nucléaire avec une assistance russe.

Premièrement, l’énergie nucléaire aidera à résoudre les problèmes de la distribution d’énergie sur le continent africain.

L’Afrique dispose de vastes gisements d’uranium qui pourraient alimenter ses centrales nucléaires, et elle a un grand besoin d’une source d’énergie fiable et constante. L’incapacité de nombreux gouvernements africains à fournir de l’électricité retarde la croissance économique du continent.

Selon les estimations, le PIB de l’Afrique réduit d’environ 2 à 4 pour cent par an en raison de l’absence d’une énergie fiable. Près de 600 millions d’africains n’ont pas accès à l’électricité.

Par conséquent, l’énergie nucléaire, aux yeux des décideurs africains, semble être un choix rentable et écologique pour devenir une partie viable du mix énergétique du continent.

Pour le Congo l’effet de débordement pourrait inclure le transfert de technologies et des possibilités éducatives améliorées pour les scientifiques et les techniciens.

Sans aucun doute, la création de nouvelles perspectives d’emploi aura lieu grâce à la coopération entre Rosatom et le Ministère de la recherche scientifique et de l’innovation technologique du Congo.

En outre, la République sera capable d’utiliser l’énergie nucléaire pour la consommation électrique domestique tout en préservant ses ressources en hydrocarbures pour l’exportation.

Le coût de production de l’énergie réduirait considérablement, car il faut moins d’uranium pour produire la même quantité d’énergie que le pétrole ou le charbon produisent.

L’uranium est également moins cher à acquérir et à transporter. Finalement, dans le monde de plus en plus décarboné, l’énergie nucléaire ne rejette pas d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre.

Le fonctionnement de la centrale ne dépend pas ni de fournisseurs étrangers (à l’exception, potentiellement, de l’uranium) ni de conditions météorologiques défavorables, ce qui la rend plus stable.

Nous devons nous rappeler que l’énergie nucléaire n’est pas un phénomène récent pour l’Afrique. L’Égypte et la République démocratique du Congo ont construit leurs centrales nucléaires en 1958. Il existe actuellement douze réacteurs nucléaires de recherche nucléaire dans 8 pays africains.

Pour le moment une centrale nucléaire ne fonctionne qu’en Afrique du Sud. L’intérêt pour ce type d’énergie se répand à travers le continent.

Le Ghana, le Soudan, l’Ouganda, l’Algérie, le Maroc, le Nigeria, la Tunisie et l’Egypte avec son programme nucléaire rétabli se sont déjà déclarés intéressés.

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