Pour faire des PPP un véritable levier de développement des infrastructures en Afrique, l’expérience montre que nombreux défis doivent être relevés
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- Harmoniser les textes et pratiques des PPP
Une harmonisation des textes et pratiques permettrait aux acteurs publics et investisseurs de capitaliser sur une définition et un socle communs aux PPP. Plusieurs initiatives permettent déjà de relever ce défi : le «Plan stratégique 2011-2020 et la Vision UEMOA », avec une directive communautaire sur les PPP espérée en 2018, la « Vision CEMAC 2025 », les « lignes directrices relatives aux PPP du COMESA ».
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- Optimiser l’expertise des autorités publiques
Plusieurs niveaux de performance constituent des pré-requis : la planification et la priorisation des projets PPP d’infrastructures, la mise en place d’un fonds dédié aux études de faisabilité, la pratique systématique de l’évaluation préalable, garantie de l’efficacité des budgets publics, la maîtrise des aspects contractuels en vue d’une répartition équilibrée des risques, la mise en place d’unités PPP performantes et émancipées (…). Diversifier les sources de financement
Comparés aux PPP à paiement public, les PPP concessifs, qui visent nécessairement des secteurs marchands, impliquent généralement plus de moyens financiers des investisseurs privés. Au regard de la difficile mobilisation du financement (Pont HKB en Côte d’Ivoire) et des effets pervers dans le long terme de son externalisation totale, pourraient également être privilégiés : un préfinancement public et direct par le budget consolidé d’investissement (une partie de l’Autoroute à péage Dakar-Diamniadio), des emprunts obligataires sous-régionaux, des obligations spécifiques d’infrastructures (…). L’engagement des bailleurs multilatéraux, soit par financement direct, soit pour servir de levier aux financements par les banques commerciales ou des fonds d’investissement doit également être favorisé.
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- Rassurer les investisseurs
Les investisseurs privés devront pouvoir trouver auprès des Etats africains la mise en œuvre de mesures de :
– atténuation du risque financier ou de paiement ;
– limitation du risque politique ;
– adoption d’une fiscalité et de mesures douanières incitatives ;
– lutte contre la corruption.
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- Renforcer la place du secteur privé local dans les projets PPP
Pour intensifier le rôle des projets PPP dans le développement économique local, se révèlent utiles notamment :
– les mesures légales organisant un accès privilégié du secteur privé local, incluant les PME et artisans, aux contrats de PPP ;
– la mise en place d’un fonds de garantie des engagements financiers des entreprises locales.
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