L’Europe, qui a écarté l’extraction des gaz de schiste de son territoire, est de plus en plus dépendante du gaz russe. Mais quelques pays européens préparent des alternatives.
Les chiffres parlent d’eux-mêmes. En 2016, le géant russe Gazprom a fourni le tiers de la consommation du continent européen. Un total de 180 milliards de mètres cubes vendus à l’Europe et à la Turquie. Une dépendance qui va perdurer dans les années à venir.
Car malgré les tensions politiques avec la Russie, l’Europe ne peut échapper au gaz russe, et ce, pour plusieurs raisons. Tout d’abord, son prix. Le gaz russe en Europe coûte 20% moins cher que le gaz de ses concurrents. La baisse du rouble permet, en effet, à Gazprom de réaliser des bénéfices et, donc de diminuer les prix. Autre raison et non des moindres, c’est l’absence d’alternatives. Les exportations de la Norvège sont à leur maximum. L’Algérie n’a pas fait les investissements nécessaires à une hausse de sa production nationale.
Cette dépendance inquiète les Européens. A commencer par les ex-satellites de l’URSS, à qui la puissance russe rappelle de mauvais souvenirs. Plusieurs pays préparent, donc, des alternatives au gaz russe. C’est le cas notamment de la Lituanie qui importe du gaz naturel liquéfié des Etats-Unis. Ou bien encore de la Pologne qui, depuis 2009, importe du gaz du Qatar ou de Norvège. Actuellement, 40% des besoins de la Pologne sont comblés par le gaz russe. L’objectif de Varsovie est de s’en affranchir et de mettre fin au contrat d’approvisionnement, avec Gazprom, dans cinq ans.
Reste que la Russie a, elle aussi, besoin de ses clients européens. L’Asie, et notamment la Chine, sont loin d’être un débouché suffisant pour remplacer les ventes à destination de l’Europe. Même si un accord signé entre Gazprom et son partenaire chinois CNPC fixe le début des livraisons de gaz russe à la Chine à fin 2019.
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